Forty Thousand in Gehenna, by C. J. Cherryh

Forty Thousand in Gehenna
C. J. Cherryh
1983

I came into Forty Thousand in Gehenna with an interesting perspective. Because I had recently read C. J. Cherryh’s Hugo Award winning novel Cyteen, I viewed Forty Thousand in Gehenna as one of those novels which expands on a small aspect of a different novel. See, the discovery of a situation in Gehenna is a fairly significant political plot point in Cherryh’s novel Cyteen. It is referenced more than a handful of times and the existence of the Gehenna situation plays a role in how things develop in Cyteen. So, coming at the novel from this angle, it is easy to read Forty Thousand in Gehenna as an expansion novel of an unexplored aspect of Cyteen.

The problem with that is Forty Thousand in Gehenna was published five years before Cyteen.

Even though I knew the publication chronology when I went into this novel, it was still hard to escape knowing the political fallout of the events of Forty Thousand in Gehenna, and even more, knowing backstory for Gehenna that is not presented in this earlier novel. This probably doesn’t make a whole lot of sense right now. Let me back up a bit.

Three colony ships are sent to the second planet orbiting the Gehenna star. Gehenna II (just as our Earth could be considered Sol III, and probably is once you get deeper into Cherryh’s Alliance / Union universe – or a variety of other science fiction novels, for that matter). The three Union ships are sent from Cyteen Station and they carry 452 fully human citizens and more than 40,000 azi. The azi can and should also be considered fully human, but they are laboratory designed, created, and born. Azi are trained from birth by “tape” that teaches them their future jobs, morality, provides reward and punishment. Azi are clones and can be delicate creatures when outside the parameters of their tape, but they are perhaps like anyone else indoctrinated from a young age. The azi are to be the workers on Gehenna, serving the citizens (as they are elsewhere in the Union).

So far as the colonists know, this is to be the first wave of colonization on Gehenna (a world they were to call Newport, but Gehenna stuck for a variety of reasons). Three years after arrival, after the initial facilities had been built, another colony ship would be sent with another group of scientists, workers, and colonists. That ship never arrives and Gehenna is abandoned by the Union that sent the first three ships.

The first section of Forty Thousand in Gehenna is told from the perspective of the first colonists, of the first colonial governor, and of the two azi Jin and Pia. Through these eyes the reader is given the first glimpse of Gehenna and the strange situation on the ground and the maybe-sentient creatures they call “calibans” that burrow and build tunnels and other mounds of dirt. The earliest section deals with the developing colony, their expectation for reinforcements, and the changing behavior of the calibans. It deals with the breakdown of the colony, even in those first three years (possibly impacted by the calibans).

That’s the beginning of Forty Thousand in Gehenna, but it isn’t the end. This is a generational novel and the primary characters through the generations are the descendants of Jin and Pia. Cherryh shows the changing culture of a world with a limited population that doesn’t have contact with the rest of civilization (i.e., the rest of the universe). The culture that develops is quite different than what landed and is tied into the geography and the native life.

After a slow and somewhat clinical start, the development of Gehenna culture and the later rediscovery of the planet by the Alliance is a fascinating examination of how people change and it seems to get at the essential question of if there is anything inherent in how civilizations develop. If this is a question Cherryh is asking, her answer seems to be “no”. Civilization and Culture adapts in regards to the situations it finds itself in. Cherryh does a damn fine job is putting this all together and showing the changes with each generation and does so over a couple hundred years.

What is revealed in Cyteen but is not touched upon in Forty Thousand in Gehenna is the reason the colony was abandoned. It is an important detail in the backstory and makes the larger universe richer, because there is a specific reason behind this and it plays into the precise nature of the tape the colonizing azi were given and what their purpose on Gehenna really was, but it is not necessarily important to the story of Forty Thousand in Gehenna.

Forty Thousand in Gehenna, at its core, is a novel of an abandoned colony and how it changes, survives, and develops over the centuries before there is renewed contact with the Alliance.

I have used the terms Alliance and Union because they apply to this novel and the larger series Cherryh is working in, but the reader unfamiliar with Cherryh’s work only needs to know that these are two differing political philosophies in the human expansion of the galaxy or Universe. Cyteen is Union, Sol is Alliance. More or less. Neither is inherently morally corrupt or morally virtuous. It’s people with different philosophies for what humanity is about. This is what Gehenna is caught in the middle of.

I was about to write that Cherryh does not get into the consequences of Gehenna in this novel, but that is true only to a point. The larger political consequences are not touched on, but we do see through the generations how certain actions are part of the changing culture. The weird autistic-like children of the azi (not the regular children of the azi) run off to live with the calibans. We see the ramifications of this through the generations. Other artifacts of culture are part of the changing landscape of Gehenna. So, in that sense, Cherryh deals with consequences on the ground and the consequences of human life of Gehenna.

Because this is a generational novel, readers should not become too attached to any one character or any one era.

Forty Thousand in Gehenna is a solid novel and one that gets better once the viewpoint is shifted past the original colony and the clinical tone used for the azi viewpoints is muted.

Cyteen, by C. J. Cherryh

Cyteen
C. J. Cherryh
1988


Who killed Ariane Emory? This isn’t exactly the central question of Cyteen, but it’s the one which perhaps readers of Cyteen would like answered most.

Cyteen is set in C. J. Cherryh’s Alliance / Union Universe, a future expansionist history of humanity in the stars. The opening pages of Cyteen provides a full background of the colonization and political history of that universe and how the various factions got started. It takes all of four pages and is perfectly fascinating on its own. Then Cherryh rolls into the story and introduced Ariane Emory, an aging scientist potentially nearing the end of her life. Emory is a member of the Union governing Council of Nine and the founder of Reseune, the leading science labratories in the universe. Emory is known as a brilliant woman (she is one of very few certified as a Special), though also a difficult woman. The reader is given all of this introduction, which Cherryh quite naturally handled far better than I am right now, and it serves to create a sense of the political and social landscape of Reseune. Cherryh reveals the Reseune plans to clone and recreate Specials so the Special brilliance is not lost when they die. There is one notable previous attempt and failure.

When Ariane Emory is murdered early in the novel there are several major developments put into play. First, another Special at Reseune is implicated – Jordan Warrick. Warrick and Emory had a once close professional (and personal) relationship which strained. Emory, shortly before her murder, began a relationship with Jordan’s son Justin – except the relationship was not an equal one, it was a very dominant one on the part of Emory. The second major development is that the cloning program goes forward – only with a particular change. Because Reseune needed Ariane so badly, they cloned her and attempted to recreate as much of her upbringing as possible in order to bring out the exact genius that was Ariane Emory. It is a long term strategy.

That’s the background and set up of Cyteen. Cyteen spans perhaps fifteen to twenty years and provides two major viewpoints during that time: Justin Warrick and young Ariane Emory (the clone). Justin’s storyline is that of survival, of trying to fit in at Reseune with all of the political drama and upheaval caused by Emory’s death AND by his father’s confession. Note: the reader never sees the murder occur, so what we don’t know is if Jordan Warrick told the truth with his confession. We assume not, but can be wrong. Emory’s storyline is of a young and isolated genius child growing up and figuring out her place and potential power.

Cyteen starts out strong, but the novel only improves at the story progresses and the reader meets Ariane Emory as an incredibly precocious teenager – one who is led, in part, by the writings the older Ariane Emory left for her clone. Cyteen is many things at once – political drama, social commentary, coming of age (for both characters, really), science fiction, a story of morality, and probably a handful of other things I can’t quite work out on the first read.

What it is more than anything is an outstanding novel. Cyteen quite rightly won the 1989 Hugo Award for Best Novel. It is regarded as one of Cherryh’s best novels and after years of avoiding Cherryh’s work (for no particular reason I can articulate), I am completely sold on C. J. Cherryh. From one novel. From this novel.

Cherryh quietly and subtly asks questions about morality in terms of artificially created humans called “azi”. Azi have few rights and are property of Reseune. They are grown / born to do a particular job and are raised to spec and taught by “tape”, a method of deep teaching that programs (in a sense) learning and behavior. Cherryh looks at the responsibilities of those with power over azi and a bit on the morality of such a workforce.

There are references to conflicts and debates in the larger universe, though Cyteen is almost exclusively set at Reseune (with the occasional foray out and into a nearby town).

Cyteen is a big novel that hints at an even larger universe. It is an excellent place to begin one’s reading of C. J. Cherryh, but after you do, I imagine you’ll want to continue. After finishing Cyteen I rushed out and purchased a small (but growing) handful of Cherryh novels. That’s my ultimate recommendation – Cyteen was good enough to make me spend more money.


You'll also want to read Jo Walton's thoughts on Cyteen.
After you've read the book, see this post from Walton as she thinks about who killed Emory.